Loot film review

‘म सँग बैंक लुत्ने मास्तर प्लान छ’ may be this is the most popular filmy dialogue in the mouth of most of the people now days. Loot directed by Nischal Basnet is a box office hit. And this must be the first film to earn much in short period of time in Nepali movie history. Saugat Malla( Hakku Kale) the newari ascent guy is the one within whom the story plays. The above mentioned dialogue is repeated by Saugat Malla Aka Hakku  kale while he chooses a new guy to recruit in his group to rob the bank. The story is not new, we have seen films made in that particular story in Hollywood and Bollywood but in the movie loot the presentation, dialogues, the plot of the story makes it worth watching.

The item song Udhreko Choli is also one of the attractions of the movie where Susmita Karki is as an item girl Saugat malla the leading character is a local liquor shop owner and his newari ascent adds spice in the movie and he plan a rob( Loot) and the movie is presented in time line basis using flashbacks. Karma aka Nare is a bouncer as profession and a gambler, Daya Hang Rai aka Gofle  is an un employed man and his acting is ok in the movie, Pratik aka Khatri is a drug dealer and weapon smuggler and  Sushil aka Pande is also an un employed man and a lover boy and Richa Sharma aka Aayesha is his girlfriend over all the movie is a good package.

The story has a twist at last and the scene of the movie is changed with that twist Saugat Malla at last changes the gang he makes to loot the bank and his previous gangs are nabbed by police. The movie not only with acting is superb but the direction, presentation; story has also aided to make this movie a hit.

This movie has earned a lot fans and funds compared to other Nepali movies and never we could see crowd of youth to watch Nepali movie but this movie has changed the concept and the future of Nepali movies. In one word this movie is superb.

Q.1. Discuss the significance of research in the field of mass media research with special reference to characteristics and objectives of research.

Ans: Mass media research being the part of communication research, scientifically studies the process of mass communication and its influence on individual and society.

Characteristics of Mass Media Research:

It adopts scientific method. It is systematic, objective and empirical. It is cumulative. It is build upon past investigations. Research does not stand isolated from what others have learned before. It is  replicable. Its finding should be reproducible by other investigators using same procedures.

It is logical. It applies possible tests to validate the measuring tools and the conclusion reached. Nature of mass media research is purposive. It aims at describing, interpreting, and explaining a phenomenon. It begins with a question or problem. Mass media research is critical. Can be verified. Since it relies on scientific method, the conclusion drawn through research is subjected to verification.

Objectives of mass media research:

1.      Generating new knowledge

2.      Improving standing

3.      Application testing

4.      Comparing best practice

5.      Helping with decision making.

6.      To extend knowledge

Significance of research in the field of mass media

1.      To solve unsolved problems from acquired knowledge

2.      To get intellectual joy

3.      For serving the society

4.      Writing term paper, research paper, seminar on a certain topic having not having news sense.

5.      Mass media research helps to study, research social science and journalism related science.

6.      To develop it as career

7.      Validate the findings and prove it with logic.
      Casual observation are frequently inaccurate. Science helps alleviate this error by mandating conscious observation.

2.      People frequently over-generalize on the basis of few limited observation. Scientist protects themselves against over generalization by employing large random samples & replicating studies.

3.      General people observe selectively & ignore that don’t want. But the scientific approach helps to protect against these error by applying investigation process.

4.      General people do illogical reasoning, there may be question over validity but science provide system of logic.

5.      In comparison to casual inquiry, scientific inquiry is more careful than our casual inquiry.

Authority is the trusted source. Source may be some scholar, teacher, parents, book or any one. Here question raise about credibility & validity. Here belief has been established by source. Authority for one may not be the same for others. Authority may misguide because we never question authority. Source is not verified. But science, always give opportunity to go for numbers of examination, verification, verification & experimentations. In science, question may be raised over authority. Due to this, many scholars still research on Newton’s laws & suggest further theories.

Intuition is intellect we put to understand something. Reasoning, logic, intellect, experience is used to gain knowledge in this process. Here people rely on own analytical power. Its main drawback is people may knowledgeable but may be confused. E.g. Aristotle said women to be inferior & women to have 31 teeth. He reached to this conclusion without any examination; it was based on his intellect only.

Truth rests on assumptions; lots of people believe that why it is valid; this kind of observation or gaining of knowledge is tenacity. It’s traditional, people believe from one generation to another. There is no examination, no chance of verification -just believe what is believed. Whereas scientific inquiry doesn’t believe in such beliefs, it goes from characterization to experimentation followed by hypothesis & different examinations. But science never believes on methodologies. Science begins from Characterization, Hypothesis, Prediction and finally Experimentation; so, science is considered more trustworthy method of knowing than Tenacity, Authority, and Intuition.

Q. 2. Why is Science considered more trustworthy method of knowing than Tenacity, Authority, and Intuition. Discuss.

Ans: Before theorizing Scientists use Observation, Hypothesis, and Deductions to propose explanations for natural phenomena. Experiment proves the theorization. If prediction turns out to be correct, the theories survive.

.There are four elements of scientific method: Characterization, Hypothesis, Prediction and Experimentation, and if theories pass all these four processes then only it can be said to be scientific.   

Following four process validates the scientific process

1.      Random observation method: investigation goes with the process of observation & experimentation without creating any concrete hypothesis in this method

2.      Systematic exploration:  This is improvement over first method. It is planned way to explore new relationship of various factors of phenomenon.

3.      Testing of well defined hypothesis:  Specific hypothesis is formed, and the investigation work is confined to testing the validity of the hypothesis so formed.

4.      Experiment directed to systematic theory: this is most refined method of systematic investigation. On the basis of theory certain generalization are made. Empirical observations are then made and necessary data are collected to verify if generalization are correct.

Steps in Scientific method:

1.      Formulation of problem & hypothesis

2.      Collection of information/ data

3.      Analysis of information/ data

4.      Generalization of finding

5.      Report writing

·         Ordinary Observation & Scientific observation:

1.      Casual observation are frequently inaccurate. Science helps alleviate this error by mandating conscious observation.

2.      People frequently over-generalize on the basis of few limited observation. Scientist protects themselves against over generalization by employing large random samples & replicating studies.

3.      General people observe selectively & ignore that don’t want. But the scientific approach helps to protect against these error by applying investigation process.

4.      General people do illogical reasoning, there may be question over validity but science provide system of logic.

5.      In comparison to casual inquiry, scientific inquiry is more careful than our casual inquiry.

Authority is the trusted source. Source may be some scholar, teacher, parents, book or any one. Here question raise about credibility & validity. Here belief has been established by source. Authority for one may not be the same for others. Authority may misguide because we never question authority. Source is not verified. But science, always give opportunity to go for numbers of examination, verification, verification & experimentations. In science, question may be raised over authority. Due to this, many scholars still research on Newton’s laws & suggest further theories.

Intuition is intellect we put to understand something. Reasoning, logic, intellect, experience is used to gain knowledge in this process. Here people rely on own analytical power. Its main drawback is people may knowledgeable but may be confused. E.g. Aristotle said women to be inferior & women to have 31 teeth. He reached to this conclusion without any examination; it was based on his intellect only.

Truth rests on assumptions; lots of people believe that why it is valid; this kind of observation or gaining of knowledge is tenacity. It’s traditional, people believe from one generation to another. There is no examination, no chance of verification -just believe what is believed. Whereas scientific inquiry doesn’t believe in such beliefs, it goes from characterization to experimentation followed by hypothesis & different examinations. But science never believes on methodologies. Science begins from Characterization, Hypothesis, Prediction and finally Experimentation; so, science is considered more trustworthy method of knowing than Tenacity, Authority, and Intuition.

Sanchar Mimamsa a Book Review

Being a emerging scholar of eastern communication theory Nirmala Mani Adhikary has made a major contribution to enrich the horizon of eastern perspective of communication theory. Sanchar Mimamsa is also one of the book prepared from his research. 

Sadharanikaran model is the first ever model of communication diagrammatically proposed from East. Based on Bharata Muni's Natyashastra and Bhartrihari's Vakyapadiya, Adhikary has developed and proposed a communication model that illustrates the communication process as visualized in Vedic Hinduism.

Sanchar Mimamsa majorly gives light on Sadharanikaran Model of Communication. This book includes how communication has been being done from time immemorial in eastern society. SMC has been briefed in poetic form in the book. He scrutinizes that Sahridayata- is major for a successful communication among and between the parties, Sender and receiver both where there is commonness & oneness. First 5 chapters describe SMC in poetic form which has Poetic and Aesthetic value Sahriadayas is here sender and receiver who are not only engaged in communication but also have attained a special state: Sahridayata- attaining commonness or oneness where people communicate without having any conflict. Thus, Sahridayata is attained from Sadharanikaran and SMC resides in the core concept of attaining Sahridayata.

Fig. Sadharanikaran model of communication (SMC)

The model comprises the following elements:

1. Sahridayas  (Preshaka, i.e., sender, and

Prapaka, i.e., receiver)

2. Bhava (Moods or emotions)

3. Abhivyanjana (Expression or encoding)

4. Sandesha (Message or information)

5. Sarani (Channel)

6. Rasaswadana (Firstly receiving, decoding and

          interpreting the message and finally achieving

          the rasa)

7. Doshas (Noises)

8. Sandarbha (Context)

9. Pratikriya (Process of feedback).

Sahridayata is the core concept upon which the meaning of sadharanikaran resides. There is state of common orientation, commonality otherwise oneness. Senders and receivers become (common) sahridayas with the completion of the process of Sadharanikaran. If communication is taken as a step-by-step process, which is just for the sake of easy understanding, the sahridaya-preshaka (simply, the sender), who has bhavas (moods or emotions or thoughts or ideas) in mind, is the initiator of the process. The sahridaya, sender has to pass the process of abhivyanjana for expressing those bhavas in perceivable form. It is the (receiver) sahridaya- prapaka with whom the bhavas are to be shared. People  has to pass the process of rasaswadana. The position of the sahridaya-sender and the sahridaya-receiver is not static. Two consecutive parties engage in the processes of abhivyanjana and rasaswadana. Sadharanikaran is successful when, universalization or commonness of experience is achieved. As evident from the figure, the sender inherits bhava. It is due to the bhavas that human being aims engaging in communication or sadharanikaran process. Abhivyanjana refers to the activities that a source goes to translate bhavas into a form that may be perceived by the senses. It can be understood as expression or encoding in English. Sanketa (code) is an integral part of abhivyanjana. A kind of code is a must to let the bhavas manifested.

Codes are symbols that are organized in accordance with specific rules. For example, the language is a code. The sender encodes the bhava in a code. For communication to be successful, both the sender and receiver must understand the code being used. With the completion of the process of abhivyanjana, bhavas are manifested as sandesha. It is the information that the sender wants to pass on to the receiver. Messages may be in verbal or non-verbal depending upon the encoding done by the sender. For transmission of sandesha, there needs sarani (channel or medium), which is the means through which sandesha travels across space. The message sent by the source or sender cannot reach the receiver without the channel or medium. There is no such thing as perfect communication. There are continuous forces at work, doshas or noises, which tend to distort the message and lead to miscommunication .The effectiveness of any message depends on the communication environment, Sandarva, context. Same message may have different meanings in different contexts. Pratikriya refers to the responses of the receiver after receiving the message. It is the process of feedback, which allows the receiver to have active role in the communication process. Feedback makes the communication process ongoing & the process continues in cyclic order.

Eastern literature and culture is broadly rich and these philosophies are enough to describe science, communication, management and all other subjects of Eastern society. Sanchar Mimamsa, fully dedicated on communication theory has made us understand the value of native cultures.  The book includes not only the model of SMC but also proves that eastern society is also rich in communication theory.